Concept Map and Guided Question Response-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Explain the Pathogenesis causing the clinical Manifestations with which Mrs Brown introduced. 2.Discuss two high need nursing techniques to oversee Mrs Brown and give proof based justifications to these methodologies. 3.Discuss the component of activity of these two medications, and identify with the hidden Pathogenesis of an intense intensification of ceaseless left-sided cardiovascular breakdown. Answers: 1.The contextual investigation gave advises that the clinical indication in Mrs. Earthy colored was tachycardia, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, hypertension, and diminished degree of oxygen immersion. Different things that caused worry in the patient were the lung auscultation reports that demonstrated reciprocal basal pops. By playing out the electrocardiogram test, the patients condition was analyzed as ceaseless left-sided cardiovascular breakdown. Blood vessel fibrillation was obvious from the electrocardiogram tests performed. Systolic and Diastolic brokenness The pathogenesis of this clinical condition can be clarified based on this sign. As indicated by Dupuis, and Guazzi (2015) systolic brokenness is the primary driver of left-sided cardiovascular breakdown. It is known to be the primary etiological factor. Systolic brokenness is the condition portrayed by helpless ability to siphon out blood. It identifies with the poor ventricular compression. The causative factor fundamental this marvel might be the hindered working of myocytes or fibrosis. At the point when the blood stream is opposed to a level over the edge, making afterload and therefore systolic brokenness. The total impact of this procedures is the overstretching of the left ventricle and hindered myocardial contractility. To put it plainly, systolic brokenness is fundamentally liable for the cardiovascular breakdown. The beginning of cardiovascular breakdown is likewise started by the Diastolic brokenness somewhat. The deterrent to the ventricular unwinding and filling causes diastolic brokenness. It is apparent from the firmness of the divider, during this condition. In the patients with the left-sided cardiovascular breakdown, ventricular contractility is disabled. It offer ascents to the condition like myocardial dead tissue or ischemic heart (Kraigher-Krainer et al., 2014). During systolic brokenness and debilitated ventricular contractility, the patients additionally show expanded cardiomyopathy. It is the another element of left-sided cardiovascular breakdown. The over-burden can likewise be contributed by the aortic spewing forth. Over-burden in this patients causes uncontrolled Systemic hypertension. This may happen along with the aortic stenosis (Craft et al., 2015). Homeostasis Notwithstanding the foundational factors, the harmful results of the left-sided cardiovascular breakdown is likewise connected to the component that keeps up homeostasis in our body. In view of the different clinical assessments it was discovered that the left-sided cardiovascular breakdown is the result of the course of occasions (Adeniran et al., 2015). The variables that are engaged with this procedure are- Ceaseless thoughtful actuation highlighted pulse expanded circling volume preload related to expanded all out fringe obstruction ceaseless height of angiotensin II chemical aldosterone hormone In the given container study, the two fundamental side effects of the analyzed left-sided cardiovascular breakdown showed will be engaged for comprehension the pathophysiology. Brevity of breath The brevity of breath experienced by Mrs. Earthy colored may have happened as a result of the pneumonic oncotic pressure. left-sided spewing forth adds to diminished aspiratory consistence. It happens on account of the extravasation of liquid into the pneumonic interstitium. The expanded aviation route opposition likewise reflects it. The procedure prompting the reciprocal basal pops ca ne clarified by the declining pneumonic edema. The lung bases have more prominent hydrostatic powers and before motivation, conclusion of little aviation routes happens because of interstitial edema. On the off chance that this condition is not kidding, pops are spoken to by higher lung locales (Rosenkranz et al., 2015). 2.The winning state of Mrs. Earthy colored can be treated by proof based nursing procedures. The patients wellbeing condition is breaking down with expanded respiratory rate and low degree of oxygen immersion. In this circumstance, oxygen treatment is the compelling method to forestall the aspiratory blockage and hypoxia (Miguel-Montanes et al., 2015). It will improve the oxygen immersion. Medical caretakers must screen the patent under this activity intend to find out the mediation. The attendant must guarantee sufficient ventilation by utilizing the nasal cannula. The breathing device may make transitory suffocation must be relieved by the attendants. Attendant activities under this procedure includes making preventive strides fr likely event of emphysema and hyperinflation of the lungs (McMurray et al., 2012). Mrs. Browns pulse was raised over as far as possible. It is essential in this phase to keep up the good cardiovascular working. Under the oversight of the doctor, attendant can control Digoxine as endorsed. In this way prescription improves the constriction and rhythmicity of the heart. It improves the cardiovascular yield by upgrading the myocardial contractility. It will prompt adjustment of the heart rhythms (Ambrosy et al., 2014). The job of the medical attendant is to screen and report to the doctor if there should arise an occurrence of contraindications or unfriendly results. Notwithstanding the pharmacological intercession, the non-pharmacological mediations for the medical caretakers can be underscoring on self-care programs for the patient. The urinary yield can be estimated as a component of the diuretic treatment (Lilley et al., 2014). Component of activity of IV furosemide and sublingual glyceryl trinitrate This segment manages the system of the medications and connection to the intense intensification of the ceaseless condition. IV furosemide: This medication is diuretic and capacities to obstruct the reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water from kidney. It is compelling to regard oedema as it disposed of liquid from the body by expanding pee yield. Oedema is diminished by diuresis and pleural radiations, along these lines bringing down the circulatory strain. It is normally directed for the administration of left-sided cardiovascular breakdown (davisplus.fadavis.com., 2017). Sublingual glyceryl trinitrate: In this way medicate is utilized for prophylactic administration of angina pectoris. It is likewise utilized in intense conditions. It is known as aide treatment to treat cardiovascular breakdown. This medication demonstrations to expand the coronary supply routes. It improves the insurance stream to ischemic locales. Endless supply of this medication the coronary blood stream increments. This medication diminishes the myocardial oxygen utilization. Along these lines, it is directed to remember the indications of cardiovascular breakdown by diminishing the pulse and expanding heart yield (davisplus.fadavis.com., 2017). Nursing ramifications of the medications managed Medical attendant must report the doctor in the event of unfriendly results. Convenient appraisal of liquid status is essential notwithstanding customary check of indispensable signs and area of edema, lung sounds, skin turgor, and mucous film. Fall chance appraisal ought to be led as Mrs Brown is an old patient. The patient must be instructed about the fall avoidance systems, and the symptoms of IV furosemide. It incorporates dzziness, queasiness, muscle issues, and stomach torment. Expanded heartbeat, unfavorably susceptible responses and tongue ulcers are the reactions of sublingual glyceryl trinitrate. Medical caretakers must complete assessment of the contributing elements of angina torment in Mrs Brown. The patient must be checked for three degree of cognizance (Aitken et al., 2016). References Adeniran, I., MacIver, D. H., Hancox, J. C., Zhang, H. (2015). Irregular calcium homeostasis in cardiovascular breakdown with protected discharge part is identified with both decreased contractile capacity and fragmented unwinding: an electromechanically nitty gritty biophysical displaying study.Frontiers in physiology,6. Aitken, L., Marshall, A., Chaboyer, W. (2016).Acccn's Critical Care Nursing. Elsevier Health Sciences. Specialty, J., Gordon, C., Huether, S. E., McCance, K. L., Brashers, V. L. (2015).Understanding pathophysiology-ANZ adjustment. Elsevier Health Sciences. Dupuis, J., Guazzi, M. (2015). Pathophysiology and clinical importance of pneumonic rebuilding in aspiratory hypertension because of left heart diseases.Canadian Journal of Cardiology,31(4), 416-429. Furosemide. (2017).davisplus.fadavis.com. Recovered 12 August 2017, from https://davisplus.fadavis.com/3976/meddeck/pdf/furosemide.pdf. Kraigher-Krainer, E., Shah, A. M., Gupta, D. K., Santos, A., Claggett, B., Pieske, B., ... McMurray, J. J. (2014). Weakened systolic capacity by strain imaging in cardiovascular breakdown with saved discharge fraction.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,63(5), 447-456. Lilley, L. L., Collins, S. R., Snyder, J. S. (2014).Pharmacology and the Nursing Process-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. McMurray, J. J., Adamopoulos, S., Anker, S. D., Auricchio, A., Bhm, M., Dickstein, K., ... Jaarsma, T. (2012). ESC Guidelines for the finding and treatment of intense and interminable cardiovascular breakdown 2012.European diary of heart failure,14(8), 803-869. Rosenkranz, S., Gibbs, J. S. R., Wachter, R., De Marco, T., Vonk-Noordegraaf, A., Vachiry, J. L. (2015). Left ventricular cardiovascular breakdown and aspiratory hypertension.European heart journal,37(12), 942-954.

Monsanto †Appointing, Legislating, and Lobbying Its Way to the Top Free Essays

string(47) may think nothing about the subject otherwise. Intrigue bunches are characterized as a â€Å"organized gathering of individuals that makes arrangement related appeals† and they can profoundly affect our legislature and society (Ginsberg, Lowi, and Weir 419). These gatherings speak to their inclinations in the political field in an assortment of ways; they can get government authorities selected to government positions, campaign government authorities, and store media to publicize their message to activate general sentiment and influence voters. Organizations intrigue bunches specifically use these systems, in light of the fact that there is a financial motivating force in passing great laws and passing on a decent picture to government and the general population. We will compose a custom article test on Monsanto †Appointing, Legislating, and Lobbying Its Way to the Top or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now One business intrigue as of now profiting by their connection with the Obama organization is Monsanto. Monsanto is a billion dollar organization liable for hereditarily adjusted seeds, the compound Roundup and its related Roundup prepared harvests, the poisonous concoction substance Agent Orange, cow-like development hormones (rBGH), and the manufactured sugar substitute known as aspartameâ€to name a couple. As a business intrigue gathering, it has been a stupendous achievement in utilizing government to push its motivation, a lot to the disappointment of ecological activists, researchers, and concerned residents who need their legislature to manage organizations and secure the general population. This paper will look at how business intrigue bunches like Monsanto have had the option to promote their motivation under the Obama organization through the arrangement of representatives to government positions, campaigning, and utilization of media to assemble general feeling. ) Appointment to Federal positions The arrangement of workers in business to positions in government is a typical event today and is frequently alluded to as â€Å"The Revolving Door†. This is the rearranging all through government and private area occupations, and it is awful in light of the fact that it leaves these administration authorities with predispositions and the high possibility of being good for their previous business. In the Obama organization, there are as of now numerous pistols from private industry (â€Å"Revolving Door†). One current gun from Monsanto who is presently settling on strategy choices with respect to our sanitation is Michael Taylor. Michael Taylor was named agent chief for nourishments at the Food and Drug Administration in January 2010 and is a previous Vice President of Monsanto’s Public Policy(â€Å"Meet Michael R. Taylor, J. D. , Deputy Commissioner for Foods and Veterinary Medicine†). This clearly makes an inclination when settling on choices about approaches with respect to items produced by Monsanto, for example, hereditarily adjusted nourishments or the cow-like development hormones utilized in milk. When Monsanto workers like Michael Taylor get into these offices, they are normally positive for their previous manager Monsanto when deciding. They additionally guarantee direct access for lobbyists to the organizations they are in charge of; â€Å"many of Washington’s top lobbyists have close connections to significant individuals from congress or were themselves significant political figures, along these lines for all intents and purposes ensuring that customers will have direct access to government officials† (Ginsberg, Lowi, and Weir 414). Taylor is a previous lobbyist and current government official who presently gives Monsanto full access into the dynamic of a considerable lot of American’s choices about food. Shockingly, he is only one of every a reiteration of government authorities who have personal stakes in the private part while as yet being permitted to settle on choices influencing the wellbeing and security of the American open. By getting representatives into government positions, organizations increment their odds of making a solid iron triangle framework that underpins their advantage gathering. The iron triangle is a â€Å"stable, helpful relationship that regularly creates among a congressional advisory group, a regulatory office, and at least one steady intrigue groups† (Ginsberg, Lowi, and Weir 418). This iron triangle framework is amazing in making positive enactment and guideline for Monsanto; their great working relationship with authoritative boards and official offices permits them to help their motivation and further their business by legitimately molding approach results. 2) Lobbying individuals from congress Campaigning is a basic piece of how intrigue bunches speak to their motivation in government and look for entry of positive enactment. A lobbyist’s objective is to impact approach a specific way by â€Å"mobilizing singular residents to contact lawmakers (grassroots campaigning), affirming at hearings, submitting composed remarks to an organization or board of trustees, official statements, and other activities† (Hasen 217). Lobbyists additionally exploit their immediate access and â€Å"personal contact with administrators and taff members† to impact arrangement choices (Hasen 217). Monsanto is extraordinarily adroit in every one of these territories, and was the top campaigning customer in the agribusiness division with $8,831,120 spent in 2008 and $5,970,000 in consumptions in 2012 (â€Å"Annual Lobbying on Agricultural Services†). Business intrigue bunches frequently anteroom congress and the official branch to advance their plans and establish positiv e laws and guidelines. They do this by increasing direct access to individuals from Congress and government organizations and making their inclinations heard. This is even supported by the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) that â€Å"requires most government offices to give notice and a chance to remark before actualizing proposed new principles and legislation† (Ginsberg, Lowi, and Weir 434). This permits organizations like Monsanto to meet with offices like the USDA, FDA, and EPA to say something regarding issues that influence them, for example, the benefits and wellbeing of hereditarily changed life forms (GMO’s), disheartening naming of GMOS’s, or authorization leads on synthetic substances and pesticides. Research shows that business intrigue bunches have increased administrative accomplishment through legitimately affecting the organization. As per inquire about, the â€Å"significant quality in intrigue bunch impact is the advantaged, standardized reconciliation of certain gatherings into open choice making† (Binderkrantz 177-78). In view of Monsanto’s elevated level of action with government organizations and their capacity to get access and campaign authorities straightforwardly, their assessment is frequently coordinated into open approach. Another way Monsanto lobbyists gain impact is through the data they bring to the table the administration. Research says â€Å"the most significant factor administering the impact of a gathering was the capacity of a gathering to furnish officials with both specialized and political information† (Smith 235). Monsanto furnishes occupied government authorities with data about the issues that passes on power and touts inquire about support, settling on approach choices simpler for an administration official who may think nothing about the subject in any case. You read Monsanto †Appointing, Legislating, and Lobbying Its Way to the Top in classification Papers Actually, numerous lawmakers state lobbyists are a basic piece of government; in light of a 1978 bill growing campaigning exposures, Senators Edward Kennedy, Dick Clark, and Robert Stafford gave the explanation that â€Å"Government without campaigning couldn't work. The progression of data to Congress and to each other government organization is a fundamental piece of our equitable system† (Ginsberg, Lowi, and Weir 431). This statement epitomizes how legislators depend on lobbyists as a fundamental wellspring of data in regards to strategy issues. Lobbyist’s job as courses of this data to government is essential since they are in finished control of how data is presentedâ€and along these lines how their plan is gotten. One late bit of enactment that Monsanto profited by as a result of the data their capacity to legitimately get to officials was House Resolution 933, a crisis spending charge went to finance government activities through September and deflect an administration shutdown. The bill, marked by President Obama on March 26th 20013, will keep on shielding this multi-billion dollar partnership from legitimate implications of the security of its items. The spending charge, presently named the â€Å"Monsanto Protection Act†, embedded a disconnected arrangement that awards Monsanto against lawful order for the following year and the capacity to keep planting seeds and reaping crops regardless of whether there are issues found with hereditarily altered living beings. Since they were attempting to surge this bill through to maintain a strategic distance from government shutdown, these obscure arrangements had the option to sneak through. The Missouri Senator who included the bill, Roy Blunt, concedes he worked with Monsanto in making the subtleties of this lawmaking body (â€Å"New Law Spurs Controversy, Debate Over Genetically Modified Crops†). This bit of defensive enactment shows how organizations can utilize their immediate access to government authorities to modify strategy changes. Due to this bit of leeway of access and authority, business intrigue bunches like Monsanto are incredibly fruitful in changing their plan into open strategy. Generally speaking, look into indicates that there is a predisposition towards organizations. When contrasting remarks from business with nonbusiness analysts in government organization hearings, there was a reasonable champ in arrangement results. Organizations are bound to be convinced by lobbyists for business interests in light of â€Å"the number of remarks originating from business interests† and the way that the â€Å"comments from business-related interests give more data and sign a more noteworthy degree of analyst ability, making offices react to the requ

Joyce’s novel Essay

The books Mrs. Dalloway and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, composed by Virginia Woolf and James Joyce individually, are stories of people who are tested by the general public in which they live. The jobs generally passed on to people become components of restriction for a considerable lot of the characters inside the accounts. While show directs the activities that the characters ought to play out, the perusers get the feeling that the creators are contrary to these customs. For the duration of the day went through with Mrs. Dalloway and her companions, circumstances emerge in which characters become disparaging of others’ decisions in a manner that delineates the thoughts of the storyteller or creator. In like manner, in the encounters of Stephen Dedalus and different characters of Joyce’s tale, one finds that they regularly want to perform activities outsider to the cliché jobs of their sexes. In these books, accordingly, we find that there is no evident want inside characters for guys or females to acquire customary gendered jobs. Actually, we find a longing to involve a multi-gendered character. This is significant in light of the fact that it motions at a personality separate from cultural development of sexual orientation. Hermione Lee relates that Virginia Woolf looked for a â€Å"combination of reasonableness and tenacity† in her work (xvii). This proposes a comparable blending of female and manly characteristics with which she permeates a few of her characters in Mrs. Dalloway. Clarissa Dalloway has become a lady who apparently fits impeccably inside the job culturally arranged for her sexual orientation. She is the spouse of a legislator and the mother of a delightful little girl. She tosses fine gatherings and does the customary female employments of supervising the workers, visiting the wiped out, and different things. However, Woolf shows up promptly to close to the peruser the nuisance of this custom to Clarissa herself, as she is seen at the start of the novel going on a task that ought to typically have been held for her hirelings. Her craving for freedom is affirmed in the principal sentence, â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway said she would purchase the blossoms herself (Woolf 1). In spite of the fact that this insubordination is a little one and is covered in the appearance of â€Å"womanly† work (going to purchase blossoms), the business part of it puts her in the situation of an agent, similarly as the task liberates her from the limits of the home. On this walk she considers Peter Walsh, a man with whom she once shared her interests for writing and opportunity. Her musings and wants get through shows that direct the compliance of ladies. She considers marriage in a manner that appears to be strange to its constitution, as she saturates her job in it with the sort of freedom that one doesn't ordinarily discover in the customary perspective on marriage. She clarifies that her ruling against wedding Peter was made in light of the fact that â€Å"In marriage a little permit, a little freedom there must be between individuals living respectively day in day out in a similar house; which Richard gave her, and she him† (Woolf 5). This exhibits the degree to which she wants not to be subsumed by her better half as ladies frequently are in relationships. Proceeding, she thinks, â€Å"When it went to that scene in the little nursery by the wellspring, she needed to break with him [Peter] or they would have been pulverized, them two destroyed, she was convinced† (6). This determines what she thinks of her as life would have been similar to with Peter. She looks to add a bit of manliness to her job by keeping something of herself and proceeding to demonstrate herself to the worldâ€a right that is generally conceded without reservation to wedded men, however implicitly retained from ladies of that time. Clarissa keeps on showing her internal propensities to lose the conventional sexual orientation job and to satisfy her political and word related dreams. During that time in England, women’s occupations were restricted to family unit related tasks. She considers other ladies who had lived non-customary lives, and aches to have her life to live again so she could settle on various decisions. The first of those decisions would have allowed her an occupation that would resist her sexual orientation. The storyteller guarantees us that Clarissa Dalloway â€Å"would have been, similar to Lady Bexborough, slow and masterful; rather huge; intrigued by governmental issues like a man; with a nation house; extremely noble, very sincere† (Woolf 8). The utilization of the expression â€Å"like a man† is telling, in that it features the degree to which Mrs. Dalloway aches to be discharged from the bounds of her sex. She needs to be invested with the conceivable outcomes that go to a man. Additionally advising is her longing to be â€Å"very sincere† (8). Genuineness isn't an attribute that has been generally concurred to ladies, as they were urged to hush up about their contemplations (or maybe not to have any whatsoever). Along these lines, a lady with any thoughts or conclusions can be considered to have been fairly constrained into dishonesty by their very demonstration of subjection to the desire of their better half and in their falsification at having nothing to state past comments about the running of the family unit. Clarissa’s inclination to talk genuinely shows her craving to join generally manly characteristics with her female ones.

The Pursuit Of Happiness Essay - 1315 Words

The Pursuit of Happiness vs. the Pursuit of Meaning â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that ALL men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.† As you know these words come from the preamble of the Declaration of Independence, perhaps one of the greatest documents ever written. However, I do have a little problem with the last four words sentence, â€Å"the pursuit of Happiness† because I believe it actually sends an easily misinterpreted message. With the Christmas, slash, Holiday season upon us we must be cognizant that not everyone will have a Merry Christmas and that the Holiday Season, Thanksgiving to Valentine’s Day, is also the height of the Suicide and Domestic Violence Season. Recently, we have been touched by suicide, not only in our geographical local, but within our Christian community. More people than we would care to admit within our church have or will seriously contemplate, attempt or commit this act, but Why? Depression and even thoughts of ending it all are something I have some experience with. Charles Haddon Spurgeon, possibly the most influential and powerful preacher of the Gospel of 19th century England battled depression throughout his entire life. In fact, after a tragedy at a venue where he was preaching in which seven people were killed, Spurgeon said â€Å"he doubted anyone had ever passed as close to madness as he and yetShow MoreRelatedThe Pursuit of Happiness Essay584 Words   |  3 PagesFor our Economics subject, we watched The Pursuit of Happyness, a movie based on Chris Gardner, a salesman who was not making that much money and eventually experiences homelessness with his five-year old son. He faces problems when his wife is unwilling to accept his goal to become a stockbroker and leaves him. However, he perseveres even under all this stress. Chris Gardner excels at his stockbroker internship in Dean-Witter, earning the attention and respect from his superiors. However, hisRead MorePursuit Of Happiness Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesThe Pursuit of Happiness illustrates through the examples of Chris Gardeners life that anyone has the opportunity to make their own pursuit of happiness if they have self-motivation and determination. Happiness is not something that can be pursued. We already have all the capacity for happiness that we need. Happiness comes from within, and from being content with oneself. People can choose to be happy or choose to be miserable. But to be happy or to be sad they need to have particular motivationRead MoreThe Futile Pursuit of Happiness Essay1053 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Futile Pursuit of Happiness† When it comes to predicting how something will make you feel in the future, you will most likely be wrong. 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Wireless Networks and Security Wired Network - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theWireless Networks and Security Wired Network. Answer Introduction Wireless communication technology can be defined as the modern option to the traditional wired network [3]. All the wired networks eventually rely on the cables that are utilized for the successful connection between the digital devices. However, the wireless networks do not rely on any wire or cables. It is completely free from the wires and hence termed as wireless in nature. All the wireless technologies are utilized in house as well as business computers for the purpose of various utilizations [11]. There are several important advantages of these wireless technologies. They are responsible for reducing the overall cost of the networks and thus are used by all. The various types of wireless network technologies mainly include Bluetooth, wireless fidelity, 3rd generation communication, 4th generation communication, home automation standards and many more [5]. The following report will be providing a detailed description on the wireless networking and its concepts. All the wireless technologies provide advantages of mobility to the users. This report will be focusing on a precise comparison between the various wireless technologies and thus providing all the details related to wireless communication. Moreover, a proper evaluation will also be done on the standards of wireless communication for CPS as well as IoT. Proper justification will be provided on the best technology. Discussion Comparison of 3 Wireless Communication Technologies The comparison of 3 important wireless communication technologies is given below: Main Factors Satellite communication Technology Wireless Fidelity Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access i) Communication Spectrum There are several communication spectra in satellite [7]. There are six bands in satellite that are L-band, S-band, C-band, X-band, Ku-band and Ka-band. The frequency spectra are 1-2 GHz, 2-4 GHz, 4-8 GHz, 8-12 GHz, 12-18 GHz and 26-40 GHz. Eight protocols are present with their own frequency spectrum. They are IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ad, IEEE 802.11af, and IEEE 802.11ah. the spectra are 5 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, 6 GHz, 60 GHz, below 1 GHz and 700 MHz [1]. Two protocols of WiMax are present [14]. They are IEEE 802.16e and IEEE 802.16d. Frequencies are 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz in IEEE 802.16e and 3.5 GHZ and 5.8 GHz for IEEE 802.16d. ii) Modulation Techniques Three techniques are present. They are OQPSK or orthogonal quadrature phase shift keying, BPSK or binary phase key shifting and QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying [12]. The modulation techniques for the wireless fidelity are QPSK or Quadrature Phase Shift Keying and CCK or complementary coded keying [3]. The modulation techniques for the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access are 16 QAM, 64 QAM 64 quadrature amplitude modulation, BPSK and QPSK. iii) Medium Access Control Mechanism Protocols for MAC are TDMA or time division multiple access and FDMA or frequency division multiple access [13]. The medium access control mechanism of the wireless fidelity depends on the specifications of IEEE 802.11. The protocols of MAC within the WiMax are eventually used with the purpose to fulfil every connection of point to multipoint [8]. iv) Network Technologies Three topologies: point to point topology, hybrid topology and switched topology. Two topologies: Mesh topology and black-haul topology [3]. Three topologies: bridge topology, AP based topology and point to multipoint topology. Evaluation of 9 Wireless Communication Standards for CPS and IoT The standards, supporting the several important levels of communication are referred to as the wireless communication standards. Several kinds of such standards are present in networking [2]. The enhancement or advancement of these standards is important for the wireless networking field. The detailed evaluation of the several wireless communication standards are provided below: i) UHF RFID and NFC: This type of RFID reader comprises of the ultra high frequency and is responsible for providing network of the higher frequency level [14]. For the Internet of Things or IoT, the acquisition of data is eventually checked for the purpose of meeting all the requirements. The layer of perception with the Internet of Things needs various practical requirements that need to fulfil. Since, power consumption of the ultra high frequency RFID is lower than the rest; it has the core capability in doing so. For the CPS or cyber physical systems, each and every computational entity combines with any physical system [1]. UHF RFID is the type for CPS as all the controlling elements or storage functions remain within this network. NFC or the Near Field Communications is the proper group of various protocols that are being used for the purpose of communication and thus allowing the most safe as well as secured communication amongst them. The only limitation in this network is that without smart phones, it is not possible to use this [4]. When this is integrated with IoT, security is explicitly higher than the rest and also becomes more convenient. When, NFC is integrated with CPS, any cyber attack like relay attacks or eavesdropping are solved. ii) ZigBee and Z-Wave: ZigBee protocol when integrated with the Internet of Things helps to give high security and privacy. This type of integration is done through the gateways of this protocol [6]. Stability is also obtained in IoT. Moreover, due to the presence of a low power microcontroller and low power consumption, ZigBee is responsible is giving high security to cyber physical systems. Another important standard of the wireless networking is Z-Wave. Mesh network is present here and it reduces the complexities of the wireless networking. Low energy radio waves are present here, hence reducing the consumption of energy [10]. The power of IoT is from IoT. The coverage area is huge here. For cyber physical systems, Z-Wave is used in various domains like medical field or robotics. Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy: Various data transfers are possible in this particular wireless network with lowest data consumption. The disadvantage of this network is that the distance coverage is lower [3]. Within IoT, easy or simple communication is present and in CPS, Bluetooth is being connected with every device. Bluetooth 4.0 or Bluetooth low energy is the perfect combination of wireless networking and ICT. House alerting system is the most basic type of Bluetooth 4.0 with the integration of IoT and various crimes are mitigated with this [8]. For the case of cyber physical systems, Bluetooth low energy connects with all the slave microcontrollers and master systems. iv) Cellular Systems: These types of systems are known as the cell networks, used for communication purpose. With the Internet of Things, cellular systems are referred to as Cellular IoT or CIoT. Various technologies like NB-IoT, EC-GSM IoT or LTE-M are the proper examples of cellular internet of things [12]. The access of radio is extremely easy with this. For the CPS, any cellular system is referred to as mobile cyber physical system or cell phone. These are then utilized to provide various radios of communication and even intelligent applications. v) IEEE 802.11p: It is the approved addition to the standard of IEEE 802.11 to WAVE or wireless access in vehicular environments. The definition of this wireless standard is that it is required for supporting the ITS or intelligent transportation systems applications [1]. It provides vehicular communication, when integrated with Internet of Things and for CPS, smart transportation is the application. vi) LPWAN: Low Power Wide Area Network or simply LPWAN is the type of WAN communication with extremely longer range of coverage. With the integration of Internet of Things, the various networks are Ingenu, Weightless SIG and Sigfox [5]. Cost effectiveness is the most important feature. In case of Cyber physical systems, high coverage network connection is provided. Selection of Wireless Technology based on Performance The best selected network on the basis of the cyber physical system and internet of things is UHF RFID. Since, the bandwidth and frequency is higher than the remaining; this is considered as the best network after proper evaluation. Therefore, UHF RFID should be utilized. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion, conclusion can be drawn that wireless networking is the most significant requirement in the field of networking and its concepts. Wireless networking provides several important advantages to the society by its features and characteristics. It provides the major advantage of freedom to move. Since, no wires are involved in the case; any user can easily utilize this particular network by moving the devices from anywhere and at anytime. Moreover, the securities of this type of network are explicitly higher and thus the users are extremely dependent on this network. The other advantages of this type of network involve being convenient, which refers to the fact that the resources could be easily accessed within the area of coverage of the network. The collaboration is also high in this network and hence complexity is removed. This report has eventually described the various wireless communication technologies with a proper comparison between them. The comparison is done on the basis of their communication spectrum, network topologies, modulation techniques and MAC. Evaluation is also done on various wireless technologies for the internet of things and cyber physical systems. References [1] Burg, Andreas, Anupam Chattopadhyay, and Kwok-Yan Lam. "Wireless Communication and Security Issues for CyberPhysical Systems and the Internet-of-Things."Proceedings of the IEEE106, no. 1 (2018): 38-60. [2] Andrews, Jeffrey G., Xinchen Zhang, Gregory D. Durgin, and Abhishek K. Gupta. "Are we approaching the fundamental limits of wireless network densification?."IEEE Communications Magazine54, no. 10 (2016): 184-190. [3] Dey, Kakan Chandra, Anjan Rayamajhi, Mashrur Chowdhury, Parth Bhavsar, and James Martin. "Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication in a heterogeneous wireless networkPerformance evaluation."Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies68 (2016): 168-184. [4] Xiao, Yang, ed.Security in sensor networks. CRC Press, 2016. [5] Pathan, Al-Sakib Khan, ed.Security of self-organizing networks: MANET, WSN, WMN, VANET. CRC press, 2016. [6] Zhou, Xiangyun, Yan Zhang, and Lingyang Song.Physical layer security in wireless communications. Crc Press, 2016. [7] Zhao, Nan, F. Richard Yu, Ming Li, Qiao Yan, and Victor CM Leung. "Physical layer security issues in interference-alignment-based wireless networks."IEEE Communications Magazine54, no. 8 (2016): 162-168. [8] Chen, Yuang, and Thomas Kunz. "Performance evaluation of IoT protocols under a constrained wireless access network." InSelected Topics in Mobile Wireless Networking (MoWNeT), 2016 International Conference on, pp. 1-7. IEEE, 2016. [9] Shin, Seungwon, Lei Xu, Sungmin Hong, and Guofei Gu. "Enhancing network security through software defined networking (SDN)." InComputer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), 2016 25th International Conference on, pp. 1-9. IEEE, 2016. [10] Liyanage, Madhusanka, Ahmed Bux Abro, Mika Ylianttila, and Andrei Gurtov. "Opportunities and challenges of software-defined mobile networks in network security."IEEE Security Privacy14, no. 4 (2016): 34-44. [11] Mahgoub, Imad, and Mohammad Ilyas.Sensor network protocols. CRC press, 2016. [12] Sarkar, Subir Kumar, T. G. Basavaraju, and C. Puttamadappa.Ad hoc mobile wireless networks: principles, protocols, and applications. CRC Press, 2016. He, Debiao, Sherali Zeadally, Neeraj Kumar, and Jong-Hyouk Lee. "Anonymous authentication for wireless body area networks with provable security."IEEE Systems Journal11, no. 4 (2017): 2590-2601. [13] He, Debiao, Sherali Zeadally, Neeraj Kumar, and Jong-Hyouk Lee. "Anonymous authentication for wireless body area networks with provable security."IEEE Systems Journal11, no. 4 (2017): 2590-2601. [14] Makimoto, Mitsuo, and Sadahiko Yamashita.Microwave resonators and filters for wireless communication: theory, design and application. Vol. 4. Springer Science Business Media, 2013.

Water Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment Essay Example

Water Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment Paper Environment Water is probably the most important resource we as people have. Humans can survive without food for several weeks, but without water would die in less than a week. On a slightly less dramatic note, millions of liters of water are needed every day worldwide for washing, irrigating crops, and cooling industrial processes, not to mention leisure industries such as swimming pools and water-sports centers. Despite our dependence on water, we use it as a dumping ground for all sorts of waste, and do very little to protect the water supplies we have. Water pollution is starting all over the world. Water pollution occurs when waste products or other substances, such as microorganisms, chemicals, or sewage, change the physical, thermal, chemical or biological characteristics of the water, adversely affecting living species and reducing the waters beneficial uses. When the matter gets into the water, most of the time it deteriorates and makes the water unhealthy. When the water becomes polluted, animals that rely on the water source will die from drinking the harmful chemicals and other pollutants. These chemicals will not only harm the animals but will affect the plants greatly as well. The plants will stop growing and eventually will die. There are several threats to our water resources. Oil Spills kill thousands of seabirds and can wreck water desalination plants and industrial plants drawing their water from affected coastlines. However, oil can get into the sea from many other sources, and cause just as much damage. Poor management of existing water resources can lead to those resources running out or at least shrinking. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Water Pollution and Its Effects on the Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Much of the pollution in rivers and seas comes from chemicals, mainly from agriculture. The effects of pollution can vary from localized damage to disturbance of the ecology of an entire waterway. The impact of pollution depends on the type and amount of contamination, the period of exposure, and on the characteristics of the waterway itself. The enormous problem of water pollution could be solved by using filters on the sewage tanks that pump out harmful chemicals and by having the big corporations pay to clean up the water that they have polluted. More public awareness should also be raised as exampled in Earth Day. Earth Day is a good start, but it is only one day. People need to be taught more and learn more about pollution as a whole and their environment. Ocean Pollution Water pollution is a problem that effects all living things. Every living organism on the earth needs water to survive. When the water is polluted, it not only effects the plants and animals, it harms people. Taking care of this planets water is very important to the short term and long term survival of living things. The oceans are constantly being polluted by individuals and many industries. These waters must be cleaned up before the costs are too great and the damages beyond repair. Action to clean up the Earths water supply is long over due. People in all countries must begin to take action. Plans must e made to rid the waters of pollution, and prevent any further destruction of the only source of water that the earth has. The actions taken will not only make the planet safer and cleaner for now, but for generations to come. For years, the world has thought the oceans are much too big to be effected by human action. The idea that the ocean is indestructible has met its end. Peter Weber a Research Associate at the Wristwatch Institute says, Today, with technologies that allow us to penetrate the salt water depths, we have discovered that despite their size and imperturbable appearance, the oceans re vulnerable to the same unsustainable trends that are degrading the terrestrial environment. . The oceans are one of the most important natural resources on the planet. Many plants, fish, and mammals have made the ocean their home. Much of the worlds human population depends a great deal on the ocean for their own food or to make a living. Because of the importance for the ocean, it must be taken care of to insure a future for a clean planet. Right now, the oceans are facing destruction. Each day new pollutants find their way into the oceans waters. The pollutants that contaminate the ocean take many forms. Each year millions of gallons of oil are put into the ocean. Toxic materials are dumped into the oceans and add up to deadly proportions. Tons of trash such as plastics and paper are pulled out of the ocean each day. This trash contaminates the water and causes many deaths of marine animals. Everyone on the planet has polluted the oceans one way or another. Factories that are in various industries make an enormous contribution to ocean pollution. These factories use unbelievable amounts of water to make their products. The Natural Resource Defense Council says, More than four out of every ten gallons of water used in the US re used for industrial purposes. A large amount of this water is dumped back into the oceans. This water is usually not clean, and may contain thousands of different chemicals. When this happens it can kill marine life, contaminate food supplies, and endanger people who use waters for fishing, swimming, or drinking. Water is also dumped back into the oceans by power plants who use it to cool reactors. This water is placed back into the oceans at high temperatures. Dumping water at these high temperatures causes a disruption in the marine environment. According to the book by Peter Weber, The water from power plants kills coral and other temperature related species. Many harmful airborne particles also pollute oceans. Exhaust from cars and factories, and chemicals like pesticides are carried into the atmosphere through vaporization. When it rains, many of these chemicals fall into the ocean. H. L. Window says, Up to 25% of the annual EDT production was rained out into the worlds oceans. One of the most harmful pollutants is oil. Gallons and gallons of oil are dumped, leaked, or seeped into the ocean each year. Contaminating the oceans will damage every living thing in one ay or another. Deadly chemicals and radioactive materials get into the oceans and cause serious damages. One of the most deadly of all the toxins that enter the ocean is oil. According to the Wristwatch institute, Low-level oil contamination can kill larvae and cause disease in marine life. The oil can coat marine animals and cause death. Many animals also ingest the oil. Marine life is effected by all of the pollutants, not just oil. For instance plastics are also a big killer of marine life. Researcher, Peter Weber, claims that, Plastics entangle marine life or is mistaken as food According to Dwight Holing Areas with chemical contamination, fish and shellfish have developed genetic defects such as chemical burns and tumors, and bottom-dwellers are showing fin erosion and cancer. Farming and mining all contribute to the dumping of sediment into the ocean. Peter Weber states, Sediments that make their way into the ocean can cloud the water and prevent photosynthesis, clog the gills of fish, and carry toxins that poison fish and other marine life. People also suffer from pollution. Beaches are frequently closed due to high levels of bacteria contamination from sewage and from medical wastes that wash up to shore. Sewage and waste from livestock can contaminate seafood and cause many diseases such as cholera and typhoid. Although scientists do not know the effects of radioactive material on marine life, the potential effects are frightening. Many years ago people would never have thought that the ocean would ever need saving. People would wonder how something so big could ever be effected by their own actions. There are many ways to begin to clean up the oceans. From individual action to government action. Some suggestions are to use biodegradable detergents and shampoos, avoid using and disposing plastics and Styrofoam, do not our hazardous chemicals down the drain, and to recycle old motor oil. Also people need to push the government for action. According to Oceans Day, Having beach seeps, CEO-regattas, youth projects, exhibits, concerts, research, and conferences will help to get the word out. Not any one plan will save the oceans. The problem must be attacked at all levels. The government must take action, the companies must take action, and individuals must take action. Cleaning the oceans would mean a healthier planet. Having healthier seafood will make healthier people. Clean oceans give people a good place for recreation. The fact of cleaning and monitoring the oceans will provide many new jobs. The main reason people do not clean the oceans is because of the cost. The oceans do not appear to be in immediate threat, but if the world waits to long to take action, the cost to clean up the ocean could be a lot more. So even though it may sound expensive, it will be a lot cheaper in the long run. It is the responsibility of every person on the planet to take care of the earth and its resources for ourselves and the future generations to come. Water Pollution water pollution Water pollution is one of the worlds worst forms of pollution. For example, aka a look at a glass of water. It may appear clear, but there are really millions of microscopic pollutants floating in it. Approximately 70% of the earths surface are covered by water; water is a very dynamic system, any change in its normal content could affect local, regional, and eventually worldwide water. Oil is one of the worlds biggest pollutants; oil is usually spilled or leaked from land or rivers and flows from them to the sea or ocean. The more direct form of oil pollution is when ships transporting oil leaks or the ship crashes. Oil can also ruin shores it can was up on them and become tar like lumps; some coat our of animals and can effect their heating system. Also some Oil can find its way into other sources causing hazardous water to be consumed. In some extreme cases, rivers, lakes, and wells have been known to ignite. Air pollution is also a worldwide polluter. Air pollution mainly comes from cars and industries. There are particles called hydrocarbons that settle or are washed down by rain from the air to the ocean. Toxic wastes are probably the most harmful forms of pollutants. A toxic waste can be quickly passed along The effect of water pollution depends on the type and amount of intimidation, the time of exposure, and what the water was like before the pollution. An estuary is a deep and wide channel to the sea.

The Mughal Empires 300-Year Rule of India

The Mughal Empires 300-Year Rule of India The Mughal Empire (also known as Mogul, Timurid, or Hindustan empire) is considered one of the classic periods of Indias long and amazing history. In 1526, Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babur, a man with Mongol heritage from central Asia, established a foothold in the Indian subcontinent which was to last for more than three centuries. By 1650, the Mughal Empire was one of three leading powers of the Islamic world- the so-called Gunpowder Empires- which also included the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia. At its height, around 1690, the Mughal Empire ruled almost the entire subcontinent of India, controlling four million square kilometers of land and a population of about 160 million. Economics and Organization The Mughal emperors (or Great Mughals) were despotic rulers who relied upon and held sway over a large number of ruling elites. The imperial court included officers, bureaucrats, secretaries, court historians, and accountants, who produced astounding documentation of the empires day-to-day operations. The elites were organized on the basis of the mansabdari system, a military and administrative system developed by Genghis Khan and applied by the Mughal leaders to classify the nobility. The emperor controlled the nobles lives, from who they married to their education in arithmetic, agriculture, medicine, household management, and the rules of government. The economic life of the empire was buoyed by a strong international market trade, including goods produced by farmers and artisans. The emperor and his court were supported by taxation and the ownership of a region known as the Khalisa Sharifa, which varied in size with the emperor. The rulers also established Jagirs, feudal land grants which were commonly administered by local leaders. Rules of Succession Although each classic period Mughal ruler was the son of his predecessor, the succession was by no means one of primogeniture- the eldest did not necessarily win his fathers throne. In the Mughal world, every son had an equal share in his fathers patrimony, and all males within a ruling group had a right to succeed to the throne, creating an open-ended, if contentious, system. Each son was semi-independent of his father and received semipermanent territorial holdings when he was deemed old enough to manage them. There were often fierce battles among the princes when a ruler died. The rule of succession could be summed up by the Persian phrase Takht, ya takhta (either throne or funeral bier). The Founding of the Mughal Empire The young prince Babur, who was descended from Timur on his fathers side and Genghis Khan on his mothers, finished his conquest of northern India in 1526, defeating the Delhi Sultan Ibrahim Shah Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat. Babur was a refugee from the fierce dynastic struggles in Central Asia; his uncles and other warlords had repeatedly denied him rule over the Silk Road cities of Samarkand and Fergana, his birthright. Babur was able to establish a base in Kabul, though, from which he turned south and conquered much of the Indian subcontinent. Babur called his dynasty Timurid, but it is better known as the Mughal Dynasty- a Persian rendering of the word Mongol. Baburs Reign Babur was never able to conquer Rajputana, home of the warlike Rajputs. He ruled over the rest of northern India and the plain of the Ganges River, though. Although he was a Muslim, Babur followed a rather loose interpretation of the Quran in some ways. He drank heavily at his famously lavish feasts, and also enjoyed smoking hashish. Baburs flexible and tolerant religious views would be all the more evident in his grandson, Akbar the Great. In 1530, Babur died at the age of 47. His eldest son Humayan fought off an attempt to seat his aunts husband as emperor  and assumed the throne. Baburs body was returned to Kabul, Afghanistan, nine years after his death, and buried in the Bagh-e Babur. Height of the Mughals Humayan was not a very strong leader. In 1540, the Pashtun ruler Sher Shah Suri defeated the Timurids, deposing Humayan. The second Timurid emperor only regained his throne with aid from Persia in 1555, a year before his death, but at that time he managed even to expand on Baburs empire. When Humayan died after a fall down the stairs, his 13-year-old son Akbar was crowned. Akbar defeated the remnants of the Pashtuns and brought some previously unquelled Hindu regions under Timurid control. He also gained control over Rajput through diplomacy and marriage alliances. Akbar was an enthusiastic patron of literature, poetry, architecture, science, and painting. Although he was a committed Muslim, Akbar encouraged religious tolerance  and sought wisdom from holy men of all faiths. He became known as Akbar the Great. Shah Jahan and the Taj Mahal Akbars son, Jahangir, ruled the Mughal Empire in peace and prosperity from 1605 until 1627. He was succeeded by his own son, Shah Jahan. The 36-year-old Shah Jahan inherited an incredible empire in 1627, but any joy he felt would be short-lived. Just four years later, his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died during the birth of their 14th child. The emperor went into deep mourning and was not seen in public for a year. As an expression of his love, Shah Jahan commissioned the building of a magnificent tomb for his dear wife. Designed by the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, and constructed of white marble, the Taj Mahal is considered the crowning achievement of Mughal architecture. The Mughal Empire Weakens Shah Jahans third son, Aurangzeb, seized the throne and had all of his brothers executed after a protracted succession struggle in 1658. At the time, Shah Jahan was still alive, but Aurangzeb had his sickly father confined to the Fort at Agra. Shah Jahan spent his declining years gazing out at the Taj and died in 1666. The ruthless Aurangzeb proved to be the last of the Great Mughals. Throughout his reign, he expanded the empire in all directions. He also enforced a much more orthodox brand of Islam, even banning music in the empire (which made many Hindu rites impossible to perform). A three-year revolt by the Mughals long-time ally, the Pashtun, began in 1672. In the aftermath, the Mughals lost much of their authority in what is now Afghanistan, seriously weakening the empire. The British East India Company Aurangzeb died in 1707, and the Mughal state began a long, slow process of crumbling from within and without. Increasing peasant revolts and sectarian violence threatened the stability of the throne, and various nobles and warlords sought to control the line of weak emperors. All around the borders, powerful new kingdoms sprang up and began to chip away at Mughal land holdings. The British East India Company (BEI) was founded in 1600, while Akbar was still on the throne. Initially, it was only interested in trade  and had to content itself with working around the fringes of the Mughal Empire. As the Mughals weakened, however, the BEI grew increasingly powerful. The Last Days of the Mughal Empire In 1757, the BEI defeated the Nawab of Bengal and French company interests at the Battle of Palashi. After this victory, the BEI took political control of much of the subcontinent, marking the start of the British Raj in India. The later Mughal rulers held on to their throne, but they were simply puppets of the British. In 1857, half of the Indian Army rose up against the BEI in what is known as the Sepoy Rebellion or the Indian Mutiny. The British home government intervened to protect its own financial stake in the company  and put down the rebellion. Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was arrested, tried for treason, and exiled to Burma. It was the end of the Mughal Dynasty. Legacy The Mughal Dynasty left a large and visible mark on India. Among the most striking examples of Mughal heritage are the many beautiful buildings that were constructed in the Mughal style- not just the Taj Mahal, but also the Red Fort in Delhi, the Fort of Agra, Humayans Tomb and a number of other lovely works. The melding of Persian and Indian styles created some of the worlds best-known monuments. This combination of influences can also be seen in the arts, cuisine, gardens, and even in the Urdu language. Through the Mughals, Indo-Persian culture reached an apogee of refinement and beauty. Sources Asher, Catherine B. Sub–Imperial Palaces: Power and Authority in Mughal India. Ars Orientalis 23, 1993.Begley, Wayne E. The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of Its Symbolic Meaning. The Art Bulletin, 1979.Chand, Shyam. Book Review: Religious Dimensions of Indian Nationalism: A Study of the RSS by Shamsul Islam, Tribune India, 2006.Faraqui, Munis D. The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504–1719. Cambridge University Press, 2012.Foltz, Richard. Cultural Contacts between Central Asia and Mughal India. Central Asiatic Journal, 1998.Haider, Najaf. Norms of Professional Excellence and Good Conduct in Accountancy Manuals of the Mughal Empire. International Review of Social History, 2011.Mukhia, Harbans. The Mughals of India, New Delhi. Wiley-Blackwell, 2004.Schimmel, Annemarie Burzine K. Waghmar. The Great Empire of the Mughals: History, Art and Culture. Reaktion Books, 2004.

Risk Factors Associated with Adolescent Suicide Essay

Risk Factors Associated with Adolescent Suicide - Essay Example This rising trend, particularly in the 15-19 age group placed suicide as the leading cause of death for males and the third most common cause of death for females. As a result of these figures, suicidal behaviour in adolescents became a major health concern in both developed and developing countries. This paper will review studies that seek to identify risk factors in adolescent suicide. The research will pertain to two dissimilar geographical areas and their social milieu, namely New Zealand (the Beautrais, Drummond, Fortune, Heled, Langford, and Fleming studies) and Korea (the Lee, Park, and Kim studies). Half a world apart, the two countries have recorded rising incidences of suicide and suicide ideation among the children and adolescents in their societies. The aim of this study of both countries is to gain knowledge which would help implement new strategies to reduce the rising suicide figures. The study shall employ the Comparative Social Science Approach as research framework. Theoretical Framework This paper shall employ a variant of the Comparative Social Science Approach, a framework for cross border research projects carried out by international researchers. The framework is one of the several paradigms endorsed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. While this exercise does not employ a network of researchers, for which the framework is best suited, it is however useful in structuring a comparative study across borders, such as this one. The framework entails identification and discussion of the following elements: (1) Identification of criteria in the context of cross comparison and transferability (2) A better grasp of cross-national phenomena (3) Collective learning for the benefit of research for action. The first step indicates that there are varied criteria for research that would be relevant to each country specifically. However, there would also be criteria which would be relevant to both social environment s, and therefore would prove useful in the transference and comparison of information across the theoretical divide. While the first step seeks what are common between the two societies, the second step entails an understanding of the differences between the two settings. An appreciation of the country-specific elements would shed light on the nature of the phenomenon studied – in this case, the incidence and ideation of suicide among adolescents. This understanding would prove invaluable in determining the usefulness and validity of the findings on the basis of the geographical location. Finally, the collective learning gathered should yield recommendations that would prove useful in the preparation of an action plan. Discussion of the academic literature Before applying the framework, the topic of study should first be compared for compatibility. The studies appear to agree that previous suicide attempts are predictive of future suicidal behaviours (Fleming et al, 2007: 214 ), with an important qualification. However, the New Zealand studies tackled the matter of fatal suicides – attempts that had resulted in a death. The Korean studies, on the other hand, dealt with suicide ideation, without information on suicide fatalities. The Kim study refers to an article published by Myers et al (1991) which states it would be inappropriate to generalize results from those who have attempted suicide to suicide ideators and adolescents who have actually committed suicide, as there may be qualitative differences in these groups. The Fleming et al study indirectly supports this theory when it quotes the work of Evans et al (2005) which states ‘few young people who report to have tried to kill themselves may in fact have wished to die, and very few

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 24

Leadership - Essay Example Basically, for any institution to thrive there must be a leader; consequently, it is vital find out how leadership can be applied in the military. What is the difference between a normal leaders and an army leader? It is a fact that any army leader has to have the highest form of discipline above all other leadership virtues to be capable to command missions and the taskforce he/ she is responsible for. Hence, the key difference between an army leader and the normal leader is discipline. Army leadership entails having the right skills; experience; competency; ability to manage emotions; a sound mind and physical fitness. In addition, an individual should: have a brave face and hold his/her head up high even when facing the worst forms of combat; have the ability to delegate and be driven by the seven army principles at heart. This will instill the desire to lead, improve and strive for the highest ranks within their subordinates. We presumed that the leader of a troop, mission, and camp is always yelling, shouting and ordering people around, expecting everyone in the troop to act in a certain manner, in order to achieve victory in combats and missions. This is falsified notion, since it is common knowledge that any supervisor and/ or leader who is always giving orders, pushing people around, who does not give correct and clear instructions faces resistance, demoralizes the subordinates in this case the soldiers knowingly or unknowingly which has dire effects in the long run. According to the Army Leadership Institute (2002), it is vital for an army leader to give the subordinates room to grow; make the subordinates feel that they are valuable assets; enable them to take chances to gain the necessary experience and nurture their skills. As a result, the subordinates will impart the knowledge they gain from these experiences onto other subordinates. Nonetheless, the leader will still supervise

Immigration to the United States Essay Example for Free

Immigration to the United States Essay Immigrants in the the United States have been the backbone for American for centries. People from all over the world have come to live the American dream that so many hear about throughout the world. America has been home to every different natationalty one can think of, and between the years of 1836 to 1914, over 30 million Europeans migrated to the United States. [1] Now, in that time most of those immigrants were coming to America to become citizen of the United States with hopes of finding their own American dream. Today, the chase for the American dream has become a lot different and the majority of the immigrants funneling into American are the Latin Americans. With the hardships happen throughout Latin America, many are forced into finding a better life abroad. Like many other immigrants in the past, Latin Americans are turning to the United States for a better life. Economist have been trying to understand the effects immigration has had on the United States both positively and negatively for many years now. It is a hard task to understand the effects that Latin Americans have had on the United States labor market and there are many factors to be understood and many variables to examine. For this paper, I attempt to identify the outstanding influential factors that have charged this new wave of immigrants and effects it has had on the US economy both positively and negatively. The Pew Hispanic Center estimated in December 2012 that there were 11. 1 million unauthorized immigrants living in the U. S. s of March 2011, unchanged from the previous two years and a continuation of the sharp decline from its peak of 12 million in 2007. This decline has been the first significant decrease following two decades of growth up to 2007 [5]. Net immigration from Mexico to the U. S. has stopped and possibly reversed since 2010 and at its peak in 2000, about 770,000 immigrants arrived annually from Mexico; the majority arrived illegally. By 2010, the inflow had dropped to about 140,000, a majority of whom arrived as legal immigrants. 5] To understand the economics of this new immigration wave, one must find the main networks in which the Latin American are using to become part of the US economic system. Latin Americans came by the millions and many chose big cities like Los Angeles, Chicago, Dallas and many parts of the American southwest. The reasoning behind that in somewhat obvious; because there are more jobs in big cities. Although the illegal immigrants were not aiming at high paid jobs in big cities, many Americans dont see the effect it has had to them personally. Like many Latin American immigrants, they turned to jobs that are mostly manual labor and require little education. Many choose this route because that is where the majority of Latin Americans can fit in and work in the US economy. When immigrants choose to migrate to another country, they tend to stay together and rely on one another for survival. They find that most relationships are based on kinship, friendship, and in particular, paisanaje (belonging to a common origin-community). Ties among paisanos actually appear to strengthen once they arrive in the United States, and this sociological change is reinforced by the emergence of community-based institutions, such as soccer clubs, which bring the migrants together. [2] Forming a community of immigrants in the same region make it easier to find jobs without having to start from scratch in an unknown world. Like many other immigrants in the past, they want to live close and stay together so it is easier to prosper economically. Illegal immigrants choose to work for below the minimum wage because one, they are illegal and cannot turn to the government for reinforcement, and two, they are making more money in the United States then they were in Latin America. Also, many firms in the United States would rather hire an illegal immigrant that is willing to work for less money versus an American citizen who is obligated to make minimum wage. When the recession hit the United States, more and more employers were forced to hire illegal immigrants which caused a vicious cycle throughout the American economy. American tax payers were losing jobs to illegal immigrants that were not paying taxes that ultimately dammaged the economy. Many saw this as a horrible cycle that was strictly caused by illegal immigrants and many make a compelling argument but on the contrary, it drives American citizens to become more educated and fight for higher paying jobs. For instance, immigrants are usually allocated to manual-intensive jobs, promoting competition and pushing natives to perform communication-intensive tasks more efficiently. This process, at the same time, reorganizes firms’ structure, producing efficiency gains and pushing natives towards cognitive and communication- intensive jobs that are better paid. [3] These effects might take sometime to unfold fully and be visible to the American people and the American economy but as history has told us, immigration does had a positive effect in the long-run. When the economy is growing, new immigration creates jobs in sufficient numbers to leave native employment unharmed, even in the relatively short run. During downturns, however, new immigrants are found to have a small negative impact on native employment in the short run (but not the long run)[3]. Though the share of low- skilled native-born individuals in the US labor force has fallen, employers continue to require less-educated workers in US agriculture, construction, food processing, building cleaning and maintenance, and other low-end jobs [2]. Immigrants, unauthorized immigrants in particular, have stepped in to provide the source of manpower. Unauthorized immigrant workers have been an important source of low-skilled labor supply to the US economy for many decades. With that, the burst of illegal immigrants moving into a certain region is hard for any economy to cope with. With the millions of people migrating to certain cities within the US, many firms were overwhelmed. Firms could not provide jobs to the American tax payers because of recession so many Americans turned to unemployment, which then relys on the government for support, which is another vicious cycle that has a negative effect through the entire United States. Although many see themsleves as low-skilled workers, other latin americans come to the United States for education. Parents see a brighter future for their children in America and being a illegal is worth the risk. Also, illegal immigration occurs because foreign workers can earn much more in the United States than they can at home and US immigration restrictions prevent them from entering the country through legal means. Consider the gain to emigration for a young urban male in Mexico who has completed nine years of education (which in Mexico is equivalent to finishing secondary school). Simply by moving to the United States, the worker’s annual income would rise by 2. times, even after controlling for cost-of-living differences between the two countries. [5] The income gain from migration is a result of international differences in labor productivity, with labor in the United States being far more productive than in Mexico [6]. People who want a high paying job in the United States have to come legally. Compared to the rest of the world, the United States has a high number or well educate d citizens. Since there has been many advances in technology, many now want to go to the United States for high paid jobs which the demand is increasing. For this many turn to green cards for legal immigration and will be allowed a certain amount of time to work in the United States. For high-skilled labor, legal immigration is the primary means of entering the United States. Compared to the rest of the world, the United States has an abundant supply of highly educated labor. One might expect that, if anything, skilled labor would want to leave the country rather than try to move here. However, over the past two decades the U. S. economy has enjoyed rapid advances in new technology, which have increased the demand for highly skilled labor. 7] The spread of information technology, among other developments, has created demand for software programmers, electrical engineers, and other skilled technicians. Even with the abundant U. S. supply of educated labor, technology-induced increases in labor demand have made the country an attractive destination for educated workers from abroad. Employment-based green cards and temporary work visas m ake such skilled immigration possible. Although many Latin Americans do try for a green card, many are turned away because of the long process and abundance of new illegal immigrants already in the United States. These benefits, however, are not shared equally. Labor inflows from abroad redistribute income away from workers who compete with immigrants in the labor market [4]. George Borjas estimates that over the period 1980 to 2000 immigration contributed to a decrease in average U. S. wages of 3 percent. [9] This estimate accounts for the total change in the U. S. labor force due to immigration, including both legal and illegal sources. Since immigration is concentrated among the low-skilled, low-skilled natives are the workers most likely to be hurt. Over the 1980 to 2000 period, wages of native workers without a high school degree fell by 9 percent as a result of immigration [8]. On the other hand, lower wages for low-skilled labor mean lower prices for goods and services, especially those whose prices are set in local markets rather than through competition in global markets [8]. Patricia Cortes finds that in the 1980s and 1990s U. S. cities with larger inflows of low-skilled immigrants experienced larger reductions in prices for housekeeping, gardening, child care, dry cleaning, and other labor-intensive, locally traded services[8]. On top of all that, according th laws of the Untied States, any citizen born on US soil if classified a American citizen. This law has caused the many problems for the Untied States and the illegal immigrants are taking full advantage of it. They cross the border into the US and immediately start having children. Now, the law was implemented a long time ago when migration to the US was needed but n ow it is a big problem because America now has millions of illegal immigrants not paying taxes and not getting health insurance but everything they do requires the help from legal tax payers. It is unfair to all tax payers and puts a damper on the US economy. Although some undocumented immigrants receive Social Security and Medicare benefits, the majority do not receive any benefits from those programs[10]. Since false Social Security numbers are not directly linked to an individual who can take advantage of Social Security benefits, the majority of contributions to Social Security from undocumented immigrants go into an earnings suspense file. The Social Security Administration factors in the over $7 billion annual contributions from undocumented im- migrants into the Social Security Administration’s calculations and projections for the solvency of Social Security. 10] The retirement of the baby boom generation will lead to increased expenditures for Social Security and additional tax revenue is needed to provide Social Security benefits to current and future retirees. [11] Since undocumented immigrants are ineligible to receive government services, it is estimated that undocumented immi- grants pay an average of $1,800 per househ old, per year more to Social Security and Medicare than they utilize in services [12] Therefore, undocumented immigrants actually help Social Security and Medicare and help to provide services to current and future retirees. Moving forward to the the state and local level of immigrantion which sheds light to the impat on a smaller scale. While current rhetoric in the immigration debate decries how undocumented workers steal jobs, immigrants working in the U. S. do not take away jobs from citizens; instead they stimulate the state and local economies and complement the workforce by providing a necessary pool of unskilled labor. [13] Although there are many costs involved, there may be economic benefits associated with having undocumented children in schools that are often not considered. Higher student enrollment can create more jobs, not just for teachers, but for all educational related services like administrators, maintenance staff, teaching assistants and other professionals, bus drivers, and other school staff which would help local and state economies. The creation of jobs as a result of higher student enrollment often results in an increase in federal funding for schools and can lead to an increase in state and local revenue generated by income and sales taxes. [14] Also, when ore people are going to school there is back school shopping which also has a big impact for business during the year. Contrary to the implication that immigrants exacerbate unemployment, high rates of immigration are linked to less unemployment [16]. This does not diminish the economy, but encourages specialization and increases wages for native workers [17]. Most undocumented immigrants in the U. S. work in low-skilled jobs and do not compete with American workers. The influx of low-skilled laborers into the U. S. as been shown to slow the decline of manufacturing industries and contribute to the creation of new jobs [18]. For example, the Bell Policy Center found that for every job held by an undocumented immigrant in Colorado, 0. 8 jobs are created [19]. While there are not that many official estimates from the federal government showing how much undocumented immigrants contribute to the U. S. economy, the research indicates that undocumented immigration is part of a positive force that immigration has upon the U. S. economy.

Maud Martha, by Gwendolyn Brooks Essay -- Maud Martha Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Black women's experiences and those of other women of color have never fit the private -public model.   Rather than trying to explain why Black women's work and family patterns deviate from the alleged norm, a more fruitful approach lies in challenging the very constructs of work and families themselves. ("Native") Maud Martha Brown had strong ideas regarding marriage.  Ã‚   She set out to conquer the role as wife, in spite of and because of her insecurities and personal hardships.   Unlike the rose-colored images that enveloped the minds of many traditional (white) women during that period of the 1940s and 50s, Maud Martha set her sights on being a bride under the simplest conditions.   Maud Martha was prepared to settle for being good enough to marry, rather than being a woman no man could refuse.   Her position in society, her relationships with her family, and her overall existence in society greatly influenced Maud Martha's ideas regarding the male-female union.   Though still influenced by her former roles, the final chapters of Gwendolyn Brooks' Maud Martha reveals an undeniably stronger and more mature heroine.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pulitzer Prize- winning author, Gwendolyn Brooks has gained much attention, but not without comparable controversy and criticism (Appiah 313).   The Chicago-based author has built a sturdy reputation in both mainstream and African American literary circles.  Ã‚   Nonetheless, her more popular works has won most of the poet laureate's recognition.   "No white poet of her quality is so undervalued, so unpardonably unread.   She ought to be widely appreciated... as one of our most remarkable woman poets" ("Voices").   Brooks challenged the existing approach to romanticism, the fairy tale nature of the Amer... ...d Giola's Literature Web Site. <http://longman.awl.com/Kennedy/brooks/biography.html>. Modu, Anaezi and Andrea Walker. All the Man I Need: Black Woman's Loving Expressions on The Men They Desire. Newark: Gateway, 1999. 13-14. Parl, You-me and Galyle Wald. "Native Daughters in the Promised Land: Gender, Race, and Question of Separate Spheres". American Literature 70 (3) (1998) 14 Oct 2000 <http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org/webz/FSQER...:entityemailfullresultset=1%7.html>. Tresiddier, Jack. Dictionary of Symbols: An Illustrated Guide to Images, Icons, and Emblems. San Francisco: Chronicle, 1997. 120-6. Washington, Mary Helen. "The Darkened Eye Restored: Notes Toward a Literary History of Black Women". Angelyn Mitchell, ed. Within the Circle: An Anthology of African-American Literature, Criticism From the Present. Durham: Duke, 1994. 442-53.

Out of My League

How many people do you know that have broken up with someone and later wanted them back because they were jealous of their new girlfriend? Or perhaps, have you ever lacked the confidence to approach someone? Well the movie She’s out of my League is all about that. The movie is about a guy name Kirk who is played by Jay Baruchel. He is an average Joe who can't believe his luck. Although he's stuck in a seemingly dead-end job as an airport TSA security agent, against all odds, Molly which is played by Alice Eve, a successful and outrageously gorgeous babe, has fallen for him. Not only is Kirk stunned, but his friends, family and his ex-girlfriend, too. Now he has to figure out how to make the relationship work, even though he'd be the first to admit she's totally out of his league. She’s out of my League was a well-structured film in my opinion. This film was unified around a central theme. The theme of the film is that it is ridiculous to rate people based on looks and decide that you can't be with someone based on some rating of 1 to 10. In the beginning of the movie, Kirk is having a confrontation with is ex-girlfriend Marine. Marine had ended her relationship with Kirk for more than 2 year and she was extremely contemptuous of his continued romantic interests after his latest pursuit. The producers of this movie couldn’t have thought of a better way to open the movie. The plot and the events, conflicts, and characters that constitute it must be carefully selected and arranged so that their relationship to the theme is clear (Boggs, & Petrie, 2008). This was the most important scene of the movie because it leads the way for other events to happen naturally and logically. In this scene, the producers wanted to get the viewer to see two points. One point making it clear that Marine didn’t want to be in a relationship with Kirk and that it was over. Another point being that Kirk was really crush about the break up so his self-esteem is really low at this point. This also made an early impression of what type of person Kirk was called characterization thought appearance. He seems to be a fairly dorky and dumb type of person. Later in the movie, one morning while Kirk was at work, a beautiful woman name Molly arrives at the passenger terminal for her flight to New York. While she was proceeding through security, her striking looks attracted unwanted attention and harassment from several male employees. Kirk is the only employee to treat her courteously. I really like this part because Kirk was just being himself and Molly saw the him for the person that he really was. In this scene, the producers wanted us to believe that Kirk didn’t have a chance with Molly because it seems that she was out of his league. But, who would have thought that Molly would be the one to be coming on to Kirk. After Kirk finally hooks up with Molly, the successful and outrageously gorgeous babe, Marine finds herself jealous and wants Kirks back. The only reason that Molly has this sudden interest in Kirk again is because she feels upstaged by Molly’s looks. In this scene, it makes the saying, â€Å"a woman doesn’t want a man until someone else has him† a true statement. With those two senses that were mentioned, it gives you a lot to think about. One being that you really don’t appreciate something until it’s gone. In this movie Kirk was a type of person that needed to be with a person that would help and motivate him to achieve his goals. Marine wasn’t that type of person. When Molly came along, she really brought out the best in Kirk. As Kirk begins the better himself, Marine begins to see all the things that Kirk was capable of, but by this time it was too late. Personally, I really did find this movie meaningful. There were a lot of points that could have been taken from this movie. The two points that I retrieve from this movie is that it is ridiculous to rate a person based on looks and decide that you can't be with that someone based on some rating and it is true that you don’t see what you have until its gone.

Essay about Writing at a Graduate Level - 1202 Words

Preparing for Academic Success at the Graduate Level COM/600 Characteristics of Graduate Writing Writing at a graduate level is a major part of a student’s coursework when entering into a Master’s program. Throughout a person’s college career, they have written many papers in their undergraduate studies, but writing papers at a graduate level differs from previous styles of writing. There are very distinct characteristics in graduate writing. If the basic outline and rules are followed correctly, the paper will come together in a clear and precise manner; grabbing the audience’s attention, and making the point of the paper undeniable to the reader, while using facts and references to†¦show more content†¦Use quotation marks where word for word statements are placed and use in-text citations where paraphrasing has occurred. Giving credit to all these references will help the writer to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is an inexcusable offense when writing papers. It is considered stealing and simply not citing r eferences could lead to the rejection of the paper, not including the various penalties the student will have to face from the University. Research helps the writer to support any ideas in the paper and full access to any and all references should be given to the reader through citations and a reference page that is to be included at the end of the paper. A graduate level paper will address a specific audience with a clear and comprehendible purpose. It is important that the writer has a true and clear understanding of what is being asked from them for the assignment before taking on the writing task. If the task is unclear, the writer’s point will be lost as will their audience. One of the most important factors of any paper is the tone. At a graduate level, the tone is set in formal writing. The use of informal or conversational wording should be avoided. 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